Tag: hypothesis-testing
All the articles with the tag "hypothesis-testing".
Watermarking LLM Text: A Signal Hidden in the Sampling
Updated:Sampling leaves slack: many tokens would do at most steps. A keyed bias toward a pseudo-random green list spends that slack on a signature anyone with the key can test for, with no access to the model. The green-list scheme and its z-test derived and worked, how many tokens detection needs, the scheme run on a real 1.5B model at four bias strengths with its cost in likelihood, why low-entropy text resists it, what substitution and paraphrase do to it, distortion-free schemes (Aaronson's Gumbel trick, SynthID-Text's tournament), and why post-hoc AI-text detectors are a different and weaker thing.